March 23, 2012
Django 1.4 へようこそ！
These release notes cover the new features, as well as some backwards incompatible changes you'll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 1.3 or older versions. We've also dropped some features, which are detailed in our deprecation plan, and we've begun the deprecation process for some features.
The biggest new feature in Django 1.4 is support for time zones when handling date/times. When enabled, this Django will store date/times in UTC, use timezone-aware objects internally, and translate them to users' local timezones for display.
If you're upgrading an existing project to Django 1.4, switching to the timezone aware mode may take some care: the new mode disallows some rather sloppy behavior that used to be accepted. We encourage anyone who's upgrading to check out the timezone migration guide and the timezone FAQ for useful pointers.
Other notable new features in Django 1.4 include:
select_related()
doesn't work.Wherever possible we try to introduce new features in a backwards-compatible manner per our API stability policy policy. However, as with previous releases, Django 1.4 ships with some minor backwards incompatible changes; people upgrading from previous versions of Django should read that list carefully.
Django 1.4 has dropped support for Python 2.4. Python 2.5 is now the minimum required Python version. Django is tested and supported on Python 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7.
This change should affect only a small number of Django users, as most operating-system vendors today are shipping Python 2.5 or newer as their default version. If you're still using Python 2.4, however, you'll need to stick to Django 1.3 until you can upgrade. Per our support policy, Django 1.3 will continue to receive security support until the release of Django 1.5.
Django does not support Python 3.x at this time. At some point before the release of Django 1.4, we plan to publish a document outlining our full timeline for deprecating Python 2.x and moving to Python 3.x.
In previous versions, Django used "naive" date/times (that is, date/times without an associated time zone), leaving it up to each developer to interpret what a given date/time "really means". This can cause all sorts of subtle timezone-related bugs.
In Django 1.4, you can now switch Django into a more correct, time-zone aware mode. In this mode, Django stores date and time information in UTC in the database, uses time-zone-aware datetime objects internally and translates them to the end user's time zone in templates and forms. Reasons for using this feature include:
Time zone support is enabled by default in new projects created with
startproject. If you want to use this feature in an existing
project, read the migration guide. If you
encounter problems, there's a helpful FAQ.
Django 1.4 supports integration with in-browser testing frameworks like
Selenium. The new django.test.LiveServerTestCase base class lets you
test the interactions between your site's front and back ends more
comprehensively. See the
documentation for more details and
concrete examples.
manage.py¶Django 1.4 ships with an updated default project layout and manage.py file
for the startproject management command. These fix some issues with
the previous manage.py handling of Python import paths that caused double
imports, trouble moving from development to deployment, and other
difficult-to-debug path issues.
The previous manage.py called functions that are now deprecated, and thus
projects upgrading to Django 1.4 should update their manage.py. (The
old-style manage.py will continue to work as before until Django 1.6. In
1.5 it will raise DeprecationWarning).
The new recommended manage.py file should look like this:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os, sys
if __name__ == "__main__":
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "{{ project_name }}.settings")
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
{{ project_name }} should be replaced with the Python package name of the
actual project.
If settings, URLconfs and apps within the project are imported or referenced
using the project name prefix (e.g. myproject.settings, ROOT_URLCONF =
"myproject.urls", etc.), the new manage.py will need to be moved one
directory up, so it is outside the project package rather than adjacent to
settings.py and urls.py.
For instance, with the following layout:
manage.py
mysite/
__init__.py
settings.py
urls.py
myapp/
__init__.py
models.py
You could import mysite.settings, mysite.urls, and mysite.myapp,
but not settings, urls, or myapp as top-level modules.
Anything imported as a top-level module can be placed adjacent to the new
manage.py. For instance, to decouple myapp from the project module and
import it as just myapp, place it outside the mysite/ directory:
manage.py
myapp/
__init__.py
models.py
mysite/
__init__.py
settings.py
urls.py
If the same code is imported inconsistently (some places with the project
prefix, some places without it), the imports will need to be cleaned up when
switching to the new manage.py.
The startapp and startproject management commands
now have a --template option for specifying a path or URL to a custom app
or project template.
For example, Django will use the /path/to/my_project_template directory
when you run the following command:
django-admin.py startproject --template=/path/to/my_project_template myproject
You can also now provide a destination directory as the second
argument to both startapp and startproject:
django-admin.py startapp myapp /path/to/new/app
django-admin.py startproject myproject /path/to/new/project
For more information, see the startapp and startproject
documentation.
The startproject management command now adds a wsgi.py
module to the initial project layout, containing a simple WSGI application that
can be used for deploying with WSGI app
servers.
The built-in development server now supports using an
externally-defined WSGI callable, which makes it possible to run runserver
with the same WSGI configuration that is used for deployment. The new
WSGI_APPLICATION setting lets you configure which WSGI callable
runserver uses.
(The runfcgi management command also internally wraps the WSGI
callable configured via WSGI_APPLICATION.)
SELECT FOR UPDATE support¶Django 1.4 includes a QuerySet.select_for_update() method, which generates a
SELECT ... FOR UPDATE SQL query. This will lock rows until the end of the
transaction, meaning other transactions cannot modify or delete rows matched by
a FOR UPDATE query.
For more details, see the documentation for
select_for_update().
Model.objects.bulk_create in the ORM¶This method lets you create multiple objects more efficiently. It can result in significant performance increases if you have many objects.
Django makes use of this internally, meaning some operations (such as database setup for test suites) have seen a performance benefit as a result.
See the bulk_create() docs for more
information.
Django's auth system (django.contrib.auth) stores passwords using a one-way
algorithm. Django 1.3 uses the SHA1 algorithm, but increasing processor speeds
and theoretical attacks have revealed that SHA1 isn't as secure as we'd like.
Thus, Django 1.4 introduces a new password storage system: by default Django now
uses the PBKDF2 algorithm (as recommended by NIST). You can also easily choose
a different algorithm (including the popular bcrypt algorithm). For more
details, see Djangoのパスワード保存方法.
We've switched the admin and other bundled templates to use the HTML5 doctype. While Django will be careful to maintain compatibility with older browsers, this change means that you can use any HTML5 features you need in admin pages without having to lose HTML validity or override the provided templates to change the doctype.
Prior to Django 1.4, the admin app let you specify
change list filters by specifying a field lookup, but it didn't allow you to
create custom filters. This has been rectified with a simple API (previously
used internally and known as "FilterSpec"). For more details, see the
documentation for list_filter.
The admin change list now supports sorting on multiple columns. It respects all
elements of the ordering attribute, and
sorting on multiple columns by clicking on headers is designed to mimic the
behavior of desktop GUIs. We also added a
get_ordering() method for specifying the
ordering dynamically (i.e., depending on the request).
ModelAdmin methods¶We added a save_related() method to
ModelAdmin to ease customization of how
related objects are saved in the admin.
Two other new ModelAdmin methods,
get_list_display() and
get_list_display_links()
enable dynamic customization of fields and links displayed on the admin
change list.
Admin inlines now only allow those actions for which the user has
permission. For ManyToMany relationships with an auto-created intermediate
model (which does not have its own permissions), the change permission for the
related model determines if the user has the permission to add, change or
delete relationships.
Django 1.4 adds both a low-level API for signing values and a high-level API for setting and reading signed cookies, one of the most common uses of signing in web applications.
See the cryptographic signing docs for more information.
Django 1.4 introduces a cookie-based session backend that uses the tools for cryptographic signing to store the session data in the client's browser.
警告
Session data is signed and validated by the server, but it's not encrypted. This means a user can view any data stored in the session but cannot change it. Please read the documentation for further clarification before using this backend.
See the cookie-based session backend docs for more information.
The previous FormWizard from django.contrib.formtools has been
replaced with a new implementation based on the class-based views
introduced in Django 1.3. It features a pluggable storage API and doesn't
require the wizard to pass around hidden fields for every previous step.
Django 1.4 ships with a session-based storage backend and a cookie-based storage backend. The latter uses the tools for cryptographic signing also introduced in Django 1.4 to store the wizard's state in the user's cookies.
reverse_lazy¶A lazily evaluated version of reverse() was added to allow using URL
reversals before the project's URLconf gets loaded.
Django can now look for a language prefix in the URLpattern when using the new
i18n_patterns() helper function.
It's also now possible to define translatable URL patterns using
django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy(). See
国際化: URL パターン内 for more information about the language prefix
and how to internationalize URL patterns.
{% trans %} and {% blocktrans %}¶The contextual translation support introduced in
Django 1.3 via the pgettext function has been extended to the
trans and blocktrans template tags using the new context
keyword.
SingleObjectMixin URLConf kwargs¶Two new attributes,
pk_url_kwarg
and
slug_url_kwarg,
have been added to SingleObjectMixin to
enable the customization of URLconf keyword arguments used for single
object generic views.
A new assignment_tag helper function was added to template.Library to
ease the creation of template tags that store data in a specified context
variable.
*args and **kwargs support for template tag helper functions¶The simple_tag,
inclusion_tag and newly
introduced assignment_tag template helper functions may now accept any
number of positional or keyword arguments. For example:
@register.simple_tag
def my_tag(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
warning = kwargs['warning']
profile = kwargs['profile']
...
return ...
Then, in the template, any number of arguments may be passed to the template tag. For example:
{% my_tag 123 "abcd" book.title warning=message|lower profile=user.profile %}
TEMPLATE_DEBUG mode¶In previous versions of Django, whenever the TEMPLATE_DEBUG setting
was True, any exception raised during template rendering (even exceptions
unrelated to template syntax) were wrapped in TemplateSyntaxError and
re-raised. This was done in order to provide detailed template source location
information in the debug 500 page.
In Django 1.4, exceptions are no longer wrapped. Instead, the original
exception is annotated with the source information. This means that catching
exceptions from template rendering is now consistent regardless of the value of
TEMPLATE_DEBUG, and there's no need to catch and unwrap
TemplateSyntaxError in order to catch other errors.
truncatechars template filter¶This new filter truncates a string to be no longer than the specified
number of characters. Truncated strings end with a translatable ellipsis
sequence ("..."). See the documentation for truncatechars for
more details.
static template tag¶The staticfiles contrib app has a new
static template tag to refer to files saved with the
STATICFILES_STORAGE storage backend. It uses the storage backend's
url method and therefore supports advanced features such as serving
files from a cloud service.
CachedStaticFilesStorage storage backend¶The staticfiles contrib app now has a
django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.CachedStaticFilesStorage backend
that caches the files it saves (when running the collectstatic
management command) by appending the MD5 hash of the file's content to the
filename. For example, the file css/styles.css would also be saved as
css/styles.55e7cbb9ba48.css
We've added a middleware to provide easy protection against clickjacking using the X-Frame-Options
header. It's not enabled by default for backwards compatibility reasons, but
you'll almost certainly want to enable it to help
plug that security hole for browsers that support the header.
We've made various improvements to our CSRF features, including the
ensure_csrf_cookie() decorator, which can
help with AJAX-heavy sites; protection for PUT and DELETE requests; and the
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE and CSRF_COOKIE_PATH settings, which can
improve the security and usefulness of CSRF protection. See the CSRF
docs for more information.
We added two function decorators,
sensitive_variables() and
sensitive_post_parameters(), to allow
designating the local variables and POST parameters that may contain sensitive
information and should be filtered out of error reports.
All POST parameters are now systematically filtered out of error reports for
certain views (login, password_reset_confirm, password_change and
add_view in django.contrib.auth.views, as well as
user_change_password in the admin app) to prevent the leaking of sensitive
information such as user passwords.
You can override or customize the default filtering by writing a custom filter. For more information see the docs on Filtering error reports.
Django 1.4 can now better handle IPv6 addresses with the new
GenericIPAddressField model field,
GenericIPAddressField form field and
the validators validate_ipv46_address and
validate_ipv6_address.
The base classes in django.test now have some helpers to
compare HTML without tripping over irrelevant differences in whitespace,
argument quoting/ordering and closing of self-closing tags. You can either
compare HTML directly with the new
assertHTMLEqual() and
assertHTMLNotEqual() assertions, or use
the html=True flag with
assertContains() and
assertNotContains() to test whether the
client's response contains a given HTML fragment. See the assertions
documentation for more.
Two new date formats were added for use in template filters,
template tags and 表示形式のローカル化:
e -- the name of the timezone of the given datetime objecto -- the ISO 8601 year numberPlease make sure to update your custom format files if they contain either e or o in a format
string. For example a Spanish localization format previously only escaped the
d format character:
DATE_FORMAT = r'j \de F \de Y'
But now it needs to also escape e and o:
DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
For more information, see the date documentation.
Django 1.4 also includes several smaller improvements worth noting:
simple_tag().django.contrib.auth.models.check_password function has been moved
to the django.contrib.auth.hashers module. Importing it from the old
location will still work, but you should update your imports.collectstatic management command now has a --clear option
to delete all files at the destination before copying or linking the static
files.'django.views.defaults.permission_denied'. You can set your own handler by
setting the value of django.conf.urls.handler403. See the
documentation about the 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view
for more information.makemessages command uses a new and more accurate lexer,
JsLex, for extracting translatable strings from JavaScript files.The trans template tag now takes an optional as argument to
be able to retrieve a translation string without displaying it but setting
a template context variable instead.
The if template tag now supports {% elif %} clauses.
If your Django app is behind a proxy, you might find the new
SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER setting useful. It solves the problem of your
proxy "eating" the fact that a request came in via HTTPS. But only use this
setting if you know what you're doing.
A new, plain-text, version of the HTTP 500 status code internal error page
served when DEBUG is True is now sent to the client when
Django detects that the request has originated in JavaScript code.
(is_ajax() is used for this.)
Like its HTML counterpart, it contains a collection of different pieces of information about the state of the application.
This should make it easier to read when debugging interaction with client-side JavaScript.
Added the makemessages --no-location option.
Changed the locmem cache backend to use
pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL for better compatibility with the other
cache backends.
Added support in the ORM for generating SELECT queries containing
DISTINCT ON.
The distinct() QuerySet method now accepts an optional list of model
field names. If specified, then the DISTINCT statement is limited to these
fields. This is only supported in PostgreSQL.
For more details, see the documentation for
distinct().
The admin login page will add a password reset link if you include a URL with
the name 'admin_password_reset' in your urls.py, so plugging in the
built-in password reset mechanism and making it available is now much easier.
For details, see Adding a password reset feature.
The MySQL database backend can now make use of the savepoint feature implemented by MySQL version 5.0.3 or newer with the InnoDB storage engine.
It's now possible to pass initial values to the model forms that are part of
both model formsets and inline model formsets as returned from factory
functions modelformset_factory and inlineformset_factory respectively
just like with regular formsets. However, initial values only apply to extra
forms, i.e. those which are not bound to an existing model instance.
The sitemaps framework can now handle HTTPS links using the new
Sitemap.protocol class
attribute.
A new django.test.SimpleTestCase subclass of
unittest.TestCase
that's lighter than django.test.TestCase and company. It can be
useful in tests that don't need to hit a database. See
Hierarchy of Django unit testing classes.
Running Django with an empty or known SECRET_KEY disables many of
Django's security protections and can lead to remote-code-execution
vulnerabilities. No Django site should ever be run without a
SECRET_KEY.
In Django 1.4, starting Django with an empty SECRET_KEY will raise a
DeprecationWarning. In Django 1.5, it will raise an exception and Django
will refuse to start. This is slightly accelerated from the usual deprecation
path due to the severity of the consequences of running Django with no
SECRET_KEY.
django.contrib.admin¶The included administration app django.contrib.admin has for a long time
shipped with a default set of static files such as JavaScript, images and
stylesheets. Django 1.3 added a new contrib app django.contrib.staticfiles
to handle such files in a generic way and defined conventions for static
files included in apps.
Starting in Django 1.4, the admin's static files also follow this
convention, to make the files easier to deploy. In previous versions of Django,
it was also common to define an ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX setting to point to the
URL where the admin's static files live on a web server. This setting has now
been deprecated and replaced by the more general setting STATIC_URL.
Django will now expect to find the admin static files under the URL
<STATIC_URL>/admin/.
If you've previously used a URL path for ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX (e.g.
/media/) simply make sure STATIC_URL and STATIC_ROOT
are configured and your web server serves those files correctly. The
development server continues to serve the admin files just like before. Read
the static files howto for more details.
If your ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX is set to a specific domain (e.g.
http://media.example.com/admin/), make sure to also set your
STATIC_URL setting to the correct URL -- for example,
http://media.example.com/.
警告
If you're implicitly relying on the path of the admin static files within
Django's source code, you'll need to update that path. The files were moved
from django/contrib/admin/media/ to
django/contrib/admin/static/admin/.
Django hasn't had a clear policy on which browsers are supported by the admin app. Our new policy formalizes existing practices: YUI's A-grade browsers should provide a fully-functional admin experience, with the notable exception of Internet Explorer 6, which is no longer supported.
Released over 10 years ago, IE6 imposes many limitations on modern web development. The practical implications of this policy are that contributors are free to improve the admin without consideration for these limitations.
This new policy has no impact on sites you develop using Django. It only applies to the Django admin. Feel free to develop apps compatible with any range of browsers.
As part of an effort to improve the performance and usability of the admin's
change-list sorting interface and horizontal and vertical "filter" widgets, some icon
files were removed and grouped into two sprite files.
Specifically: selector-add.gif, selector-addall.gif,
selector-remove.gif, selector-removeall.gif,
selector_stacked-add.gif and selector_stacked-remove.gif were
combined into selector-icons.gif; and arrow-up.gif and
arrow-down.gif were combined into sorting-icons.gif.
If you used those icons to customize the admin, then you'll need to replace them with your own icons or get the files from a previous release.
To avoid conflicts with other common CSS class names (e.g. "button"), we added a prefix ("field-") to all CSS class names automatically generated from the form field names in the main admin forms, stacked inline forms and tabular inline cells. You'll need to take that prefix into account in your custom style sheets or JavaScript files if you previously used plain field names as selectors for custom styles or JavaScript transformations.
Django 1.3 changed the cryptographic signing mechanisms used in a number of places in Django. While Django 1.3 kept fallbacks that would accept hashes produced by the previous methods, these fallbacks are removed in Django 1.4.
So, if you upgrade to Django 1.4 directly from 1.2 or earlier, you may lose/invalidate certain pieces of data that have been cryptographically signed using an old method. To avoid this, use Django 1.3 first for a period of time to allow the signed data to expire naturally. The affected parts are detailed below, with 1) the consequences of ignoring this advice and 2) the amount of time you need to run Django 1.3 for the data to expire or become irrelevant.
contrib.sessions data integrity checkSESSION_COOKIE_AGE.contrib.auth password reset hashPASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT_DAYS.Form-related hashes: these have a much shorter lifetime and are relevant only for the short window where a user might fill in a form generated by the pre-upgrade Django instance and try to submit it to the upgraded Django instance:
contrib.comments form security hashFormWizard security hashcontrib.auth user password hash-upgrade sequencePASSWORD_HASHERS to use your original password
hashing when you initially upgrade to 1.4. After you confirm your app works
well with Django 1.4 and you won't have to roll back to 1.3, enable the new
password hashes.django.contrib.flatpages¶Starting in 1.4, the
FlatpageFallbackMiddleware only
adds a trailing slash and redirects if the resulting URL refers to an existing
flatpage. For example, requesting /notaflatpageoravalidurl in a previous
version would redirect to /notaflatpageoravalidurl/, which would
subsequently raise a 404. Requesting /notaflatpageoravalidurl now will
immediately raise a 404.
Also, redirects returned by flatpages are now permanent (with 301 status code),
to match the behavior of CommonMiddleware.
datetime and time¶As a consequence of time-zone support, and according to the ECMA-262 specification, we made changes to the JSON serializer:
We changed the XML serializer to use the ISO8601 format for datetimes.
The letter T is used to separate the date part from the time part, instead
of a space. Time zone information is included in the [+-]HH:MM format.
Though the serializers now use these new formats when creating fixtures, they can still load fixtures that use the old format.
supports_timezone changed to False for SQLite¶The database feature supports_timezone used to be True for SQLite.
Indeed, if you saved an aware datetime object, SQLite stored a string that
included an UTC offset. However, this offset was ignored when loading the value
back from the database, which could corrupt the data.
In the context of time-zone support, this flag was changed to False, and
datetimes are now stored without time-zone information in SQLite. When
USE_TZ is False, if you attempt to save an aware datetime
object, Django raises an exception.
MySQLdb-specific exceptions¶The MySQL backend historically has raised MySQLdb.OperationalError
when a query triggered an exception. We've fixed this bug, and we now raise
django.db.DatabaseError instead. If you were testing for
MySQLdb.OperationalError, you'll need to update your except
clauses.
DatabaseWrapper objects (i.e. the connection objects referenced by
django.db.connection and django.db.connections["some_alias"]) used to
be thread-local. They are now global objects in order to be potentially shared
between multiple threads. While the individual connection objects are now
global, the django.db.connections dictionary referencing those objects is
still thread-local. Therefore if you just use the ORM or
DatabaseWrapper.cursor() then the behavior is still the same as before.
Note, however, that django.db.connection does not directly reference the
default DatabaseWrapper object anymore and is now a proxy to access that
object's attributes. If you need to access the actual DatabaseWrapper
object, use django.db.connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS] instead.
As part of this change, all underlying SQLite connections are now enabled for
potential thread-sharing (by passing the check_same_thread=False attribute
to pysqlite). DatabaseWrapper however preserves the previous behavior by
disabling thread-sharing by default, so this does not affect any existing
code that purely relies on the ORM or on DatabaseWrapper.cursor().
Finally, while it's now possible to pass connections between threads, Django doesn't make any effort to synchronize access to the underlying backend. Concurrency behavior is defined by the underlying backend implementation. Check their documentation for details.
COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP setting¶Django's comments has historically supported excluding the comments of a special user group, but we've never documented the feature properly and didn't enforce the exclusion in other parts of the app such as the template tags. To fix this problem, we removed the code from the feed class.
If you rely on the feature and want to restore the old behavior, use a custom comment model manager to exclude the user group, like this:
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.comments.managers import CommentManager
class BanningCommentManager(CommentManager):
def get_query_set(self):
qs = super().get_query_set()
if getattr(settings, 'COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP', None):
where = ['user_id NOT IN (SELECT user_id FROM auth_user_groups WHERE group_id = %s)']
params = [settings.COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP]
qs = qs.extra(where=where, params=params)
return qs
Save this model manager in your custom comment app (e.g., in
my_comments_app/managers.py) and add it your custom comment app model:
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.comments.models import Comment
from my_comments_app.managers import BanningCommentManager
class CommentWithTitle(Comment):
title = models.CharField(max_length=300)
objects = BanningCommentManager()
IGNORABLE_404_STARTS and IGNORABLE_404_ENDS settings¶Until Django 1.3, it was possible to exclude some URLs from Django's
404 error reporting by adding prefixes to
IGNORABLE_404_STARTS and suffixes to IGNORABLE_404_ENDS.
In Django 1.4, these two settings are superseded by
IGNORABLE_404_URLS, which is a list of compiled regular
expressions. Django won't send an email for 404 errors on URLs that match any
of them.
Furthermore, the previous settings had some rather arbitrary default values:
IGNORABLE_404_STARTS = ('/cgi-bin/', '/_vti_bin', '/_vti_inf')
IGNORABLE_404_ENDS = ('mail.pl', 'mailform.pl', 'mail.cgi', 'mailform.cgi',
'favicon.ico', '.php')
It's not Django's role to decide if your website has a legacy /cgi-bin/
section or a favicon.ico. As a consequence, the default values of
IGNORABLE_404_URLS, IGNORABLE_404_STARTS, and
IGNORABLE_404_ENDS are all now empty.
If you have customized IGNORABLE_404_STARTS or IGNORABLE_404_ENDS, or
if you want to keep the old default value, you should add the following lines
in your settings file:
import re
IGNORABLE_404_URLS = (
# for each <prefix> in IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
re.compile(r'^<prefix>'),
# for each <suffix> in IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
re.compile(r'<suffix>$'),
)
Don't forget to escape characters that have a special meaning in a regular expression, such as periods.
Previously, Django's CSRF protection provided protection only against POST requests. Since use of PUT and DELETE methods in AJAX applications is becoming more common, we now protect all methods not defined as safe by RFC 2616 -- i.e., we exempt GET, HEAD, OPTIONS and TRACE, and we enforce protection on everything else.
If you're using PUT or DELETE methods in AJAX applications, please see the instructions about using AJAX and CSRF.
subject_template_name¶The password_reset view in django.contrib.auth now accepts a
subject_template_name parameter, which is passed to the password save form
as a keyword argument. If you are using this view with a custom password reset
form, then you will need to ensure your form's save() method accepts this
keyword argument.
django.core.template_loaders¶This was an alias to django.template.loader since 2005, and we've removed it
without emitting a warning due to the length of the deprecation. If your code
still referenced this, please use django.template.loader instead.
django.db.models.fields.URLField.verify_exists¶This functionality has been removed due to intractable performance and
security issues. Any existing usage of verify_exists should be
removed.
django.core.files.storage.Storage.open¶The open method of the base Storage class used to take an obscure parameter
mixin that allowed you to dynamically change the base classes of the
returned file object. This has been removed. In the rare case you relied on the
mixin parameter, you can easily achieve the same by overriding the open
method, like this:
from django.core.files import File
from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
class Spam(File):
"""
Spam, spam, spam, spam and spam.
"""
def ham(self):
return 'eggs'
class SpamStorage(FileSystemStorage):
"""
A custom file storage backend.
"""
def open(self, name, mode='rb'):
return Spam(open(self.path(name), mode))
yaml.safe_load¶yaml.load is able to construct any Python object, which may trigger
arbitrary code execution if you process a YAML document that comes from an
untrusted source. This feature isn't necessary for Django's YAML deserializer,
whose primary use is to load fixtures consisting of simple objects. Even though
fixtures are trusted data, the YAML deserializer now uses yaml.safe_load
for additional security.
httponly flag by default¶Session cookies now include the httponly attribute by default to
help reduce the impact of potential XSS attacks. As a consequence of
this change, session cookie data, including sessionid, is no longer
accessible from JavaScript in many browsers. For strict backwards
compatibility, use SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = False in your
settings file.
urlize filter no longer escapes every URL¶When a URL contains a %xx sequence, where xx are two hexadecimal
digits, urlize now assumes that the URL is already escaped and
doesn't apply URL escaping again. This is wrong for URLs whose unquoted form
contains a %xx sequence, but such URLs are very unlikely to happen in the
wild, because they would confuse browsers too.
assertTemplateUsed and assertTemplateNotUsed as context manager¶It's now possible to check whether a template was used within a block of
code with assertTemplateUsed() and
assertTemplateNotUsed(). And they
can be used as a context manager:
with self.assertTemplateUsed('index.html'):
render_to_string('index.html')
with self.assertTemplateNotUsed('base.html'):
render_to_string('index.html')
See the assertion documentation for more.
The default test runner no longer restores the database connections after tests' execution. This prevents the production database from being exposed to potential threads that would still be running and attempting to create new connections.
If your code relied on connections to the production database being created
after tests' execution, then you can restore the previous behavior by
subclassing DjangoTestRunner and overriding its teardown_databases()
method.
manage.py help¶manage.py help now groups available commands by application.
If you depended on the output of this command -- if you parsed it, for example
-- then you'll need to update your code. To get a list of all available
management commands in a script, use
manage.py help --commands instead.
extends template tag¶Previously, the extends tag used a buggy method of parsing arguments,
which could lead to it erroneously considering an argument as a string literal
when it wasn't. It now uses parser.compile_filter, like other tags.
The internals of the tag aren't part of the official stable API, but in the
interests of full disclosure, the ExtendsNode.__init__ definition has
changed, which may break any custom tags that use this class.
Prior to 1.4, a default value was inserted for fixture objects that were missing a specific date or datetime value when auto_now or auto_now_add was set for the field. This was something that should not have worked, and in 1.4 loading such incomplete fixtures will fail. Because fixtures are a raw import, they should explicitly specify all field values, regardless of field options on the model.
The development server is now is multithreaded by default. Use the
runserver --nothreading option to disable the use of threading in the
development server:
django-admin.py runserver --nothreading
Prior to Django 1.4, attributes were included in any markdown output regardless
of safe mode setting of the filter. With version > 2.1 of the Python-Markdown
library, an enable_attributes option was added. When the safe argument is
passed to the markdown filter, both the safe_mode=True and
enable_attributes=False options are set. If using a version of the
Python-Markdown library less than 2.1, a warning is issued that the output is
insecure.
In Django 1.3, the get_initial method of the
django.views.generic.edit.FormMixin class was returning the
class initial dictionary. This has been fixed to return a copy of this
dictionary, so form instances can modify their initial data without messing
with the class variable.
cache_page decorator¶Some legacy ways of calling cache_page()
have been deprecated. Please see the documentation for the correct way to use
this decorator.
Django 1.3 dropped support for PostgreSQL versions older than 8.0, and we suggested using a more recent version because of performance improvements and, more importantly, the end of upstream support periods for 8.0 and 8.1 was near (November 2010).
Django 1.4 takes that policy further and sets 8.2 as the minimum PostgreSQL version it officially supports.
When we added logging support in Django in 1.3, the
admin error email support was moved into the
django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler, attached to the
'django.request' logger. In order to maintain the established behavior of
error emails, the 'django.request' logger was called only when
DEBUG was False.
To increase the flexibility of error logging for requests, the
'django.request' logger is now called regardless of the value of
DEBUG, and the default settings file for new projects now includes a
separate filter attached to django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler to
prevent admin error emails in DEBUG mode:
'filters': {
'require_debug_false': {
'()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugFalse'
}
},
'handlers': {
'mail_admins': {
'level': 'ERROR',
'filters': ['require_debug_false'],
'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler'
}
},
If your project was created prior to this change, your LOGGING
setting will not include this new filter. In order to maintain
backwards-compatibility, Django will detect that your 'mail_admins' handler
configuration includes no 'filters' section and will automatically add
this filter for you and issue a pending-deprecation warning. This will become a
deprecation warning in Django 1.5, and in Django 1.6 the
backwards-compatibility shim will be removed entirely.
The existence of any 'filters' key under the 'mail_admins' handler will
disable this backward-compatibility shim and deprecation warning.
django.conf.urls.defaults¶Until Django 1.3, the include(), patterns(), and url() functions,
plus handler404 and handler500
were located in a django.conf.urls.defaults module.
In Django 1.4, they live in django.conf.urls.
django.contrib.databrowse¶Databrowse has not seen active development for some time, and this does not show
any sign of changing. There had been a suggestion for a GSOC project to
integrate the functionality of databrowse into the admin, but no progress was
made. While Databrowse has been deprecated, an enhancement of
django.contrib.admin providing a similar feature set is still possible.
The code that powers Databrowse is licensed under the same terms as Django itself, so it's available to be adopted by an individual or group as a third-party project.
django.core.management.setup_environ¶This function temporarily modified sys.path in order to make the parent
"project" directory importable under the old flat startproject
layout. This function is now deprecated, as its path workarounds are no longer
needed with the new manage.py and default project layout.
This function was never documented or part of the public API, but it was widely
recommended for use in setting up a "Django environment" for a user script.
These uses should be replaced by setting the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE
environment variable or using django.conf.settings.configure().
django.core.management.execute_manager¶This function was previously used by manage.py to execute a management
command. It is identical to
django.core.management.execute_from_command_line, except that it first
calls setup_environ, which is now deprecated. As such, execute_manager
is also deprecated; execute_from_command_line can be used instead. Neither
of these functions is documented as part of the public API, but a deprecation
path is needed due to use in existing manage.py files.
is_safe and needs_autoescape attributes of template filters¶Two flags, is_safe and needs_autoescape, define how each template filter
interacts with Django's auto-escaping behavior. They used to be attributes of
the filter function:
@register.filter
def noop(value):
return value
noop.is_safe = True
However, this technique caused some problems in combination with decorators,
especially @stringfilter.
Now, the flags are keyword arguments of @register.filter:
@register.filter(is_safe=True)
def noop(value):
return value
See filters and auto-escaping for more information.
INSTALLED_APPS¶Until Django 1.3, INSTALLED_APPS accepted wildcards in application
names, like django.contrib.*. The expansion was performed by a
filesystem-based implementation of from <package> import *. Unfortunately,
this can't be done reliably.
This behavior was never documented. Since it is unpythonic, it was removed in Django 1.4. If you relied on it, you must edit your settings file to list all your applications explicitly.
HttpRequest.raw_post_data renamed to HttpRequest.body¶This attribute was confusingly named HttpRequest.raw_post_data, but it
actually provided the body of the HTTP request. It's been renamed to
HttpRequest.body, and HttpRequest.raw_post_data has been deprecated.
django.contrib.sitemaps bug fix with potential performance implications¶In previous versions, Paginator objects used in sitemap classes were
cached, which could result in stale site maps. We've removed the caching, so
each request to a site map now creates a new Paginator object and calls the
items() method of the
Sitemap subclass. Depending on what your
items() method is doing, this may have a negative performance impact.
To mitigate the performance impact, consider using the caching
framework within your Sitemap subclass.
Versions of Python-Markdown earlier than 2.1 do not support the option to disable attributes. As a security issue, earlier versions of this library will not be supported by the markup contrib app in 1.5 under an accelerated deprecation timeline.
2022年6月01日